Exploring the Issues and Challenges in Malaysian Cosmetic Halal: A Theoretical Framework

Halal Industry in Malaysia has been prevalent in the manufacturing sectors and has earned the government's concern in supporting its development. The Halal Industry sector has been considered as one of the leading contributors to Malaysian economy development in the future. This is due to the fact that the market of Halal products is reasonable to Muslims and has received pervasive attention from non-Muslims consumers who consider Halal commercialism. Halal industry has been categorized into seven sectors, which are cuisine, goods, financial, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, logistics, and tourism businesses. However, much attention has been given to issues and challenges to food services. Consequently, this study aims to address the influencing features of adopting Halal practices among Halalan Toyyiban Risk Management Plan (HTRMP) practices in the cosmetic industry. Besides, it adopts the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model to describe the influencing of adopting factors in cosmetic sectors in a conceptual framework.


Introduction
Muslims population in the world is predicted to reach 2.2. billion in 2030 [1]. As a result, Halal Industry has gained much attention from Muslim world due to the comprehensiveness of halal procedures in terms of hygiene, cleanliness, health, and the production process for the product they either consume, use and purchase by consumers [1]. All products and services produced NHJ Nusantara Halal Journal with halal preparations are willingly tolerable by either Muslim or consumers from other religions [2]. Moreover, Halal standards encourage practitioners to adopt them because of their future benefits [3]. Another main contribution of Halal Industry is in economic development [4].
Much has been researched pertaining to Halal issues, but the main concern is on the Halalan-Toyyiban aspects [5]. Moreover, international institutions have started to show interest in Halal standards [6], which serves as a means to ensure the Halal and toyyiban logistic networks, from procuring until it reaches the consumers.
Halal Industry has been categorized into seven sectors, namely food, goods, financial, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, logistics, and tourism businesses. There has been abundance of research on Halal issues and challenges. For instance, on the influencing factors for Halal practices [7], new motivation for SMEs to become Halalprenuers [8], applying Theory of Consumption Value (TCV) in intention to use Halal products, and [9] issues on food implementation [10]. However, much attention has been given to issues and challenges to food services and Halal supply chain. Research on cosmetic sector in Halal Industry has found to be limited. Thus, this paper explores the issues and challenges in cosmetic sector in Malaysia in adopting the HTRMP practices and proposes a conceptual framework using the Technological, Organization and Environment (TOE) model.

Fiqh Platforms
The meaning of Halal is appropriate, acceptable, approved, and/or permissible. It does not concern with the cuisine products (the way most people assume or think), yet it deals with Muslims life aspects (male or female) [11]. Meanwhile, the term tayyib in the holy Qur'an is always correlated with the approval of a specific endeavor or associated closely with the innocence of someone in performing something.
Allah the Almighty has said: "O you Messengers! Eat of the good things and act righteously" (23:51-53).
Every Muslims must consume Halal (lawful) and qualified things as needed. These two aspects will guarantee both physical health and alertness, as well as become a driving factor in helping to accelerate the quality of one's taqwa (God-fearing) and syukur (Gratefulness) toward Allah SWT. It has been distinctly declared in the Holy Qur'an, sentence 172 of Surah Al-Baqarah.
And Allah the Almighty also declared: "O you who believe! Eat of the good things that We have provided you with" (2:167-172).
According to Malaysian standards MS1500:2009, Halal is Sharia-based aspects that exclude punishment in the practices [12]. Furthermore, it is explained in the MS2400:2010 (Part 1item 2.19) that Halal means allowing any conducts to be done, which accepts the Islamic consensus for goodness [13].
In summary, Halal is not pernicious, not intoxicating, and non-hazardous to health and follow according to al-quran and as-sunnah that deals with food and beverages, as well as also other sectors such as banking, finance, travel, economy, and so forth.

HTRMP in Halal concepts
Halalan-toyyiban risk management plan (HTRMP) involves many handling points processes. It Management of records [13]. Consequently, Halal aspects are linked to all Shariah compliance features and can be discussed with additional associated measures, as listed in Table 1 [5].

Overview of Halal Cosmetics
The pharmaceuticals and cosmetic Halal products have gained responsiveness and growing demand from around 2.4 billion worldwide Muslim consumers [14]. Moreover, based on Allied Market Research (AMR), the market of Halal cosmetics products has widened its product base to tap into the cosmetics market prominently. As a consequence, it drives the increasing request for worldwide Halal cosmetic products, primarily in regions dominated by Muslim population, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Sugibayashi (2019) stated that Halal cosmetics must not incorporate components attained from pig, decaying flesh, blood, portions of human body, predatory animals, reptiles, and insects [14]. As a result, the Halal logo in halal cosmetics should be acknowledged as a sign of hygiene, security, cleanliness, and quality.
Another interesting study in Malaysia on the adoption of Halal cosmetics among Malaysian consumers indicates that awareness and understanding, perceived attributes of innovation, and social encouragement had a substantial positive impact whereas, financial cost has an essential negative impact on the adoption [15]. In another study, social influence and consumer innovativeness have been found as the influencing factors of young Muslims to adopt Halal cosmetic products, and religiosity have been found as the moderator of the adoption [16].
Moreover, the adoption factors of Halal standard influenced by technology, organization, and environmental factors among Malaysia are being used for applying in HTRMP [17].

Conceptual Framework
Based on the discussions, it is apparent that previous research focuses more on Halal supply chain management and food sector. Whilst, less attention has been given to toyyiban aspect in the cosmetic sector in Halal Industry. Moreover, the technology adoption model has been the essential methods in previous research to identify the influencing factors of Halal products.
Factors like awareness and understanding, perceived attributes of innovation, and social influence consumer innovativeness and religiosity have been found to be the influencing factors of Halal products. In summary, the researchers concluded that; (i) Halal Industry has gained much attention from previous researchers and practitioners, (ii) the importance of Halal Industry as a new market force and brand identifier, (iii) Halalan-toyyiban risk management plan practices in Halal industry is gaining more attention as it is more challenging to maintain the Halalness rather than to obtain the Halal certificates. This research's theoretical framework is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), reasoned action theory adaptation primarily tailored for modeling user approval of information systems [18]. The two primary concepts of TAM are the perceived practicality (usefulness) and perceived ease of use. TAM suggests that authentic system use is established by behavioral intention to use. In turn, intention to use is influenced by attitude, along with perceived practicality. Besides, behavioral intention is being shaped by perceived practicality and perceived ease of use. In addition, perceived ease of use also affects perceived practicality. The peripheral variables influence behavioral intention incidentally through perceived practicality and perceived ease of use. Hence, TAM framework is adopted to elaborate on the influencing features of HTRMP practices, as indicated in